Sarah Keene Meltzoff, 2013. Listening to Sea Lions. Currents of Change From Galapagos to Patagonia. Altamira Press, 271 p.
uesto è un libro inusuale, sotto ogni punto di vista, non classificabile facilmente dentro una singola categoria o disciplina. Sarah Keene Meltzoff ha intrecciato qualcosa come due decenni di ricerca lungo la Costa Pacifica latino americana in sei storie che ci racconta da cima a fondo: "Coastal people and their sea lion counterparts epitomize sea change as they struggle with changing climates."
Ho avuto il piacere di vedere alcuni esempi pratici del suo metodo di lavoro quando stave investigando sugli oceani di cambiamenti nella politica di pesca della Spagna alla metà degli anni 80, dopo che il paese aveva aderito all'Unione Europea. Nella prefazione al libro, lei già imposta il tono lasciando che il lettore abbia degli scorci sopra il suo stesso percorso di scoperta e di apprendimento e sugli approcci che ha sviluppato e maturato attraverso il tempo. E' una storia nella storia del libro, con persone come Margareth Mead che le offrì orientamenti e formazione nelle prime fasi della sua carriera. Il lettore può apprezzare la serenità generata dall'avvicinarsi ad un legame tra le osservazioni etnografiche sul campo e le relazioni di empatia con i capi delle comunità di pescatori. Il legame cruciale con questi leader e con le loro comunità, con le amministrazioni della pesca e con i commercianti affina la comprensione dei luoghi e delle differenti prospettive; ma, è anche anche una ricerca volta ad estrarre lezioni di applicabilità più vasta. Ho avuto piacere di leggere il libro per diverse ragioni e spero che anche altri siano allettati a leggerlo e ne ricavino piacere.
First of all, as a marine biologist with a particular interest in fisheries and resource management, I've always been wondering why the self-defeating serial pattern of overexploitation, so obvious to me and my peers, did little or nothing to stop others from going down the same path. There was more to be discovered than Hardin's 'tragedy of the commons' or a resigned echo to Henri Poincaré's statement "Les faits ne parlent pas" (The facts don't speak). Sure enough Poincaré uttered the famous phrase in a somewhat different context, yet he pointed – as in so many other occasions – to something profound. Nor are we alone to grapple with bad decisions hurting one's own people despite of available evidence as documented by late historian Barbara W. Tuchman in her famous book "The March of Folly". Transposed to fisheries and coastal governance, the some of the vexing issues are: What constitutes evidence in science and in wider society. What speaks to different people so as to influence their decisions? What can be done to create more shared understanding as a prerequisite for consensus building and action that helps to cope better with often chaotic change in human-environment systems?
Here we are quickly onto a fundamental difference between science and society. When discovering and accurately explaining the laws of nature, we 'make sense' of the observed and understand why we observe what we do. In the economics and social aspects of fishing strategies it is mostly about making ends meet and seizing an opportunity, especially in a highly variable environment affected by El Niño events as in the Pacific. When it comes to societal negotiation processes about issues that matter, such as how to manage fisheries resources or a particular type of coastal development, it is rather more frequent to see different interest groups and perspectives confronting each other. You may see them citing different types of evidence, interpreting the same facts in opposite ways and, of course, expressing value judgements or deeply held beliefs taken a truth, whether consciously or not. It is not as much about getting it right rather than getting a good deal for oneself or one's group and of having ones own logic prevail.
In story after story, Sarah Meltzoff narrates the boom and bust cycle of fisheries. But you won't get the Beverton and Holt model on the development of fish populations, estimates of maximum economic yield, or conceptual approaches to fisheries and coastal governance to iron out the ups and downs. Instead you will learn about some of the inner workings of the fishing communities she has researched from their own perspectives, digested from her 17 years of field notes. As she spends time with their leaders, men and women, with traders and researchers, as she characterises their physical, economic and social environment, as she interviews administrators and conservationists, she integrates these different strands and perspectives into a compelling narrative of change. "Ethnographic storytelling in this book weaves descriptions of lives. Strong individuals who are often leaders of the various interest groups voice opinions based on their group's beliefs or concepts, which are learned at the knee of institutions, such as one's family, schools, political party, or religion. Concepts are often unconscious ideals of beliefs taken for granted as truth – comparable to the grammar of one's mother tongue that is automatic and unquestioned."
It is Meltzoff's stated goal to make future managers, leaders and NGO activists caring about the fisheries and their marine environment aware of the diversity of perceptions so as to help devise more adapted and effective governance schemes. Approaching the fisheries from this distinctly human angle and explaining some of these beliefs and their background makes for an immensely rich and refreshing reading and gets one thinking about one's own assumptions taken for granted. It is a travel into why some of the schemes devised with models based on average conditions, longer-term trends or simply a control attitude in mind yield so many unintended consequences and hardly what they profess to do.
Second, I liked that the research brings out a pattern despite the captivating specificities of each fishery in its distinct geographical and historical context. So, you will meet Doña Anita Chapi, a pioneer on Isabela Island in the Galapagos, Ecuador, José Cariaga of Caleta San Pedro in Coquimbo, Chile, and many others. Through the differences of each site and community, one discerns the pattern of change. Key are people's responses to market opportunities and to their experience of often extreme environmental variability. Foremost it is the market that makes the fishery. When there are buyers for a formerly unused species, a fishery will spring up to meet that demand so long as it can be supplied. Within the survival strategies of fishermen the world over even beyond the Latino Pacific focus of the stories, Meltzoff distinguishes three recurrent factors: migration as adaptability to change; a wide-spread consideration of fisheries as a social safety net in times of hardship, which leads managers to consciously accept transgression of rules; and thirdly side-stepping regulations by the fishers, when they imply short-term restrictions to their economic activities. Particularly the latter point reflects the discrepancies between longer-term or larger-scale ecological analyses and the more fine-grained in-the-water experience by fishermen of environmental change. These factors are indicative of the limitations of top-down management, which is often out of tune with environmental variability and market change. The empirical evidence in this multi-facetted panorama view suggests moreover that collaborations and alliances between groups may shift with circumstances and that expediency and opportunistic choices should be expected. My own work in other regions, such as West Africa, largely confirms the pattern.
The book is also an illustration about weak communication and limited mutual understanding and engagement between the different parties taking an interest or being involved in the fisheries. In the prevailing governance settings, there are precious few opportunities to compare beliefs or perceptions held in one group directly with those of others and even fewer for joint learning. Trust is a scarce "commodity".
We should be worried when Meltzoff observes that the biological studies, mandatory for obtaining recognised fishing rights in Chile's caleta system, are not understood by the fishers. We may have too little research to understand the fine-grained detail of Chile's marine and coastal ecosystems and would benefit from more public, not contract, research. However, it is important that everybody understands that jubeniles of many species spend the first parts of their lives near the shore in shallow waters rich in food and shelter. Seagrass meadows and kelp forests in temperate and cooler climes, mangroves and seagrasses in tropical and subtropical environments are among the most important nursing grounds. The case of Macha (Mesodesma donacium), a clam reaching 7 cm in length according to SeaLifeBase. is no exception: the baby machas are in very shallow water, accessible to waders from the beach, and migrate into deeper waters for grow out and reproduction. That much is common knowledge, even if much remains to be researched about the biology and life cycle of the species. So heavy harvesting of waders - typically the poorer fishers - can not only affect harvesting of mature macha, but has wiped out an entire fisheries with no juveniles left in the area to grow and reproduce. The conflict between interest groups - here waders catching immature macha and divers harvesting mature macha in deeper waters -, weak enforcement and lack of alternatives for the waders combined for a destructive mix. This is the sad case of Coquimbo Bay in Chile narrated in chapter four and casting a shadow in the other cases.
Interestingly, many of the cases described in Ecuador and Chile are about fisheries and groups which have sprung up recently. There are no or few traditional social ties and common history to ground solidarity and cooperation. Public social security systems are largely absent. Enforcement of rules is often weak, because the sea is mistaken for an unlimited free for all - here as a safety valve to compensate for lacking social security, there as free for the taking for those with the means as in the case of the incursions of trawlers, destroying everything else in their wake. And we start understanding, why migration, long used as a way to give collapsed resources a break after overexploitation, is not a viable answer any more in most cases. As fishing advances even into formerly inaccessible, because harsh environments - witness the case of the Patagonian fisheries - there is nowhere to go from there.
It is not easy to come up with viable alternatives to the current waste of resources, if basics about biological (and social) systems are ignored. There is this unspoken elefant(seal) in the room that we have to find ways to accept that nature can not bounce back from our malpractice in unlimited ways. It may bounce back, but not necessarily in ways that give us the food and environment we most want. This is why we suffer from rapid loss of once productive species and entire production systems - in nature and in social organisation, in the Latino Pacific and other parts of the globe. The notions of self restraint and living within the boundaries of nature reverberate between the limes, but achievement remains elusive in the context of conflict and weak social cohesion. We see in other regions that even when there are remnants of traditional rules tending towards self restraint, they can not alone reign in the destructive effects of greed and unleashed market forces. Casting light on the little researched social part of the equation is thus illuminating, yet does not by itself lead to solutions.
On the other hand, there are clues a plenty as to how to rethink management approaches and explore more reflexive institutions that can better accommodate the diversity of interests and perspectives - provided that a basic notion of limits gets a hold. It is a wide-spread observation in other 'sectors' that this enhances chances for consensus building as a basis for devising rules and regulations that can be enforced for balancing competing claims between fisheries, tourism and conservation. Meltzoff thus advocates participatory management as a strategy for the future that needs to be adapted for the specifics of each fishery or coastal development.
She not only teaches critical engagement with local communities, but has set up the non-profit Isabela Oceanographic Institute (IOI) to practise it. The practice flows from the recognition that co-shaping change starts with local knowledge, but that this requires updating the local knowledge with other sources of knowledge. The combination of credible local leadership and openness to collaborations with outsiders promises plentiful mutual benefits. IOI is there to demonstrate it, even if setting it up was a drawn out process and sustaining it is by no means easy. The rewards are that the local community acquires new insights, resources and capabilities to set their ambitions higher, while students and academics gain unique study opportunities, including in practising civic engagement. Living in with local families moreover ensures bonding, a flow of ideas and retaining resources in the community. The approach pays heed to the identification of the importance of multi-way learning through doing things together. It also recognises that time is needed to absorb new knowledge. Having myself seen the difference critically engaged science can make to the cumbersome negotiation process of chosing one course of action over another, I have often insisted upon the need for more. It can significantly shorten the time between new research results and their use, which is otherwise measured in decades. As different groups of citizens, the experts of impact, can better fathom the implications of new knowledge when confronted with it through an engagement process. That reveals the pros and cons faster. The options and trade-offs can also be addressed in more transparent ways. The scientists on their part gain from the opportunities for asking more relevant questions and from novel ways for extracting answers.
Finally, the distinctly human focus of the book is narrated in quite accessible, and at times, poetic language. Meltzoff underlines the nature of her empathetic and largely personal account by concluding every chapter with a letter to a friend or colleague that blends snippits of personal and professional comment on the case just described with unrelated friendly exchange. You sense the connectedness of human relations through and beyond the research. There is no doubt that the book is driven by scientific questions and process, though the presentation of results and the process don't use typical modes of scientific publication. Scientific books are usually crafted in hermetic language, often for good technical reasons. But that makes a difficult read even for the specialists in the field. The standard presentation assumes that the reader posesses much prior knowledge in the name of efficiency (write to the point!) of communication among peers. Research into science communication suggests that actually even scientists prefer reading storylines offering wider context to the facts and their interpretation.
So, here we are blessed with an unusual and highly readable blend of personalised story telling, technical conclusions and the personal letter as bonus material. For good measure, an appendix provides the Latin names of marine creatures mentioned in the book and a glossary of technical terms. Bibliographical references and a useful index complete the documentation. One may hope that the paperback version likely to become available next year will increase accessibility compared to the hard cover by lowering the price tag.
In conclusion, the book is an important, highly readable, ethnographic contribution to ongoing reflections about how environmental change - and unsustainable exploitation practices - affect human societies in complex ways and how to come to grips with these by combining local with global knowledge. We want to strengthen the connections between the ecological, social and economic research and widen the understanding of how to make do within the limits of nature. The fate of the Easter Islanders fighting it out until they were all gone are harbingers of what may otherwise lie in store for us at a global scale. Books, the increasing reach of aquatic science on the internet, e.g. through FishBase, SeaLifeBase and the Sea Around Us Project, and active citizenship offer us a chance to learn from the past and break the "march of folly". Will we learn to cooperate and exercise self restraint in time? Another book on social perspectives "The spirit level: Why equality is better for everyone" by Richard Wilkinson and Kate PIckett suggests that this would be a good idea and that it shows positive results where practised.
Cornelia E Nauen, August 2013
